Global R&D Expenditure Signals (derived)
Annual global R&D-intensity signals from the World Bank World Development Indicators (GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS, ~193 economies, 1996 -> 2024): 5-year changes, OLS trend slopes, 3-sigma anomaly flags, 5-year extrapolation forecasts, 10-year intensity z-scores, per-year intensity ranks, and innovation-leader (>=3%), laggard (<0.5%), and catch-up gauges. The innovation-input lens — R&D spending as % of GDP is the standard proxy for an economy's investment in future productivity. Country codes validated via the shared normalization layer. Raw indicator: UNESCO Institute for Statistics via the World Bank (keyless API).
- rd
- innovation
- research
- technology